Remember though: the total tax is the sum of the federal, cantonal and municipal taxes.
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2024年，中办、 国办印发《关于加快推动博士研究生教育高质量发展的意见》提出，优化学科专业布局，完善及时响应国家需求的学科专业设置、建设和调整机制，加强理工农医类以及基础学科、新兴学科、交叉学科学位授权点建设，提升博士专业学位授权点占比，加快关键领域学科专业建设，强化学科交叉融合发展。这对提高博士教育质量做出了部署，而关键在于，高校必须切实建立并发挥教授委员会、学术委员会的作用，结合本校的办学定位与办学条件，就本校应该设置哪些学科授权点，招生规模该保持多少，学术博士培养与专业博士培养该采取怎样的培养模式，进行论证。不能盲目扩大博士招生规模。必须明确，高质量高等教育，不是“高层次教育”与“高学历教育”，要引导高校在自身的办学定位上，办出高质量。
Recently while browsing Xianyu (闲鱼) looking for BYK-series chips (Sinowealth 8051 MCUs) for another project I'm working on, I stumbled across something peculiar: a device claiming to bypass STM32 RDP1 (Read-Out Protection Level 1) on F0, F1, F2 and F4 series chips. As it turns out, there's a whole market for these if you search for "STM32解密" (STM32 decryption). a picture from one of the many STM32 decryptor listings on XianyuAt about 150 yuan, roughly 19 EUR plus shipping and forwarding on top, I decided to bite the bullet and just buy one to see if it actually works.What arrived§The package contained a blue USB dongle (the programmer), two green adapter PCBs, a row of double and a row of single 2.54mm pin headers and a couple of 10K resistors. everything that came in the packageThe adapter boards have footprints for the various packages of F0, F1 and F2/F4 chips, along with pads for decoupling capacitors on the necessary VCAP pins and a resistor pulling BOOT1 down. I had to supply the 0.1uF caps for the VCAP pads myself. Testing with an STM32F205RBT6§I had an STM32F205RBT6 lying around, so I desoldered it and placed it on the adapter board. STM32F205RBT6 soldered onto the adapter board and plugged into the dongleThe device comes with a Windows utility. Before I could even get it running, I had to deal with a couple of hurdles. First, the software immediately triggers Windows Defender, probably for good reason. Since I was running this in a throwaway VM anyway, I just turned it off. Second, the application wouldn't launch until I changed the system encoding for non-Unicode programs to Chinese Simplified in the Windows 11 regional settings (Settings Time & language Language & region Language for non-Unicode programs Chinese (Simplified, Mainland China)).The instructions that came with the device recommended using freeze spray on the chip during the read process. I was ready for that, but it turned out to be unnecessary in my case. It read just fine at room temperature. the host Windows application showing a successful flash readout. The failed validation message at the bottom is probably related to the overshoot and can be ignored.One quirk: the software would always overshoot when reading. A STM32F205RB has 128KB of flash, but the tool would happily read past that boundary, padding everything beyond it with 0xFF. The actual flash contents within the valid 128KB region were correct though, so it's easy enough to just trim the output to the right size.Conclusion§This thing actually works. It successfully dumped the full flash contents of an RDP1-protected STM32F205RBT6 without needing to introduce any external faults like cooling the chip down.To be clear, this device is not the first to allow circumventing RDP1. There have already been documented ways for most of these devices: voltage glitching on STM32F4, the Exception(al) Failure debug interface exploit on STM32F1, Cold-Boot Stepping on STM32F0, and reproducible glitching setups with open-source tooling. But all of these require understanding the attack, building or buying a glitching rig, and tuning parameters. A turnkey product like this one just lets you solder the chip onto the adapter and click a button. It's both concerning and exciting.Finally, other than glancing at the PCB, which has an SOP-16 IC with the label scraped off (presumably the microcontroller), I haven't tried analyzing how this device works yet. The Windows-only host app is not great either, but shouldn't be too hard to recreate it if someone wanted to. Might have to take a closer look at what's going on under the hood sometime. Or hopefully someone else will!Comments